02. NUCLEI OF GALAXIES AND STARS - A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC

02. NUCLEI OF GALAXIES AND STARS - A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC

To begin with, in the center of any galaxy there is a celestial body. We call it as a Nucleus of the galaxy. The size of any nucleus of the galaxy is much larger than any star. Nuclei of galaxies are formed from material ejected from the bowels of even larger by size celestial bodies – Nuclei of Super galaxies.

The Nucleus of any Super galaxy first begets Nuclei of galaxies of the largest size – i.e. containing more chemical elements than others.

The greater is the number of chemical elements in the composition of a celestial body, the higher is the degree of transformation of the particles of elements of this celestial body - i.e. the greater is the overall temperature of the substance. Thus larger celestial bodies have the higher temperature compared with smaller. Of course it’s provided that the original chemical composition of celestial bodies was identical. For example, the temperature of the Nucleus of any galaxy is always greater than the temperature of substance of any star generated by this Nucleus. Or the temperature of substance of any star is always higher than the temperature of even the largest of the planets. And the reason for that – is a smaller number of chemical elements in stars compared to galactic nuclei, as well as in planets compared to stars.

But let’s back to where we started. The largest nuclei of galaxies having in their composition most of all of chemical elements generated first. And the explanation is following.

Any Galactic Nucleus in the most beginning of its life has in its composition more chemical elements than it has now. The more substance is in the celestial body, the higher is the temperature of the substance - i.e. in the most degree the particles of its elements are transformed – i.e. the faster the particles with Fields of repulsion emit Ether. And besides that in the initial stage of the life of the galactic nucleus its chemical elements were richer by particles with Fields of Repulsion. All this taken together leads to the fact that in the early Nucleus of the Galaxy chemical elements had the higher temperature – i.e. their mass was smaller and the antimass was more than later (and for example, now). And that's why more number of chemical elements was expiring from the Nucleus moving away from its center. Of this expiring substance the stars just were forming. And accordingly those earlier stars absorb more substance. I.e. the stars that were formed first contained more chemical elements. And besides that the substance of earlier stars was more ornate by particles with Fields of Repulsion.

The same can be said of the nuclei of galaxies. Those of them that have arisen before contained a larger number of chemical elements. And chemical elements themselves were richer by particles with Fields of Repulsion. Therefore, the early nucleus of the galaxies were larger than latest – i.e. had in their composition more chemical elements.

To confirm these considerations we give the following facts.

There are two main types of galaxies: elliptical and spiral. Here are their characteristics. “About 25% of studied galaxies have a circular or elliptical shape. Therefore they are called elliptical galaxies (in the classification this type of galaxies is denoted by E). These are the simplest systems in structure, star composition and nature of internal motions. In them there are not found of stars with high luminosity (supergiants), the brightest stars in elliptical galaxies - red giants. ... Depending on the degree of visible compression, elliptical nebulas are divided into eight subtypes: from the spherical systems E0 to lentiform E7 (the number indicates the degree of compression)” (“Physics of Space”, the article “Galaxies”, main editor - prof. SB Pikel'ner).

“The other most common type of galaxies (about 50%) has very diverse structures. These star systems have two or more ragged spiral arms forming a flat area of the "disk", and in the center of the galaxy there is located a spheroidal core. They are called spiral and are denoted by S symbol” (ibid. – “Physics of Space”, the article “Galaxies”).

As is known, in spiral galaxies the blue giants are and they are located on the outskirts of these galaxies in their arms. Naturally, in these galaxies there are many of the red giants, which are closer to the nuclei of galaxies.

The heated substance that glows with blue light has a higher temperature than the incandescent substance that glows with red. It can be concluded that the blue giants are hotter than red. And the temperature of big blue stars is explained by the large number of chemical elements in their composition, which automatically entails a larger value of the degree of transformation of particles in elements. Accordingly, the less temperature of red stars is explained by the lesser number of chemical elements in the composition of these stars and the lesser degree of transformation of particles.

And now immediately let’s turn to the analysis of galactic nuclei.

As was said above we can identify two main types of galaxies - elliptical and spiral. Elliptical have the shape of a ball or an ellipse, and spiral are lens-shaped with arms. The wide part of ellipse of elliptical galaxies is an area from which to further the arms will grow like in spiral galaxies (although not as big). And the arms of spiral galaxies and the thickening of the ellipse in elliptical galaxies are located in the same plane as the equatorial plane of the galaxy nucleus.

As is known, only red giants are observed among the stellar population of elliptical galaxies, and there no blue giants. What can tell us this fact? About that the Nuclei of those Galaxies that now have an elliptical shape initially contained a relatively small number of chemical elements (compared with the nuclei of spiral galaxies). It is a small number of chemical elements in their composition has not allowed them to have such large temperature of the material to throw out from themselves a large number of chemical elements. And as a result stars formed from material ejected by the Nuclei of such of galaxies did not contain initially so many chemical elements in order the temperature of the substance of these stars matches the blue luminosity. While in the spiral galaxies blue giants are much enough and they are located as has been said on the outskirts of these galaxies in their arms. This means that those nuclei whose Galaxy now have a spiral shape, originally had in their composition enough chemical elements to produce stars with a large content of substance. And this led eventually to a greater degree of transformation and to the blue luminosity. That's why blue giants are in the spiral galaxies.

Now let's talk about the relationship between the shape of galaxies, the numerical composition of their nuclei and the age of them.

So, we found that spiral galaxies are older and elliptical - younger. This means that any Galaxy early in his life had a circular shape. Then its shape gradually begins more and more to resemble a lentils. And in the future the Galaxy gradually transforms into the flat disc with arms. I.e. elliptical galaxy becomes a spiral. Obviously, the lentiform shape indicates the beginning of the formation of a flat disc with arms. So why have more ancient galaxies which we call the spiral a flat disc with arms and younger - elliptic - this or not at all (round) or a flat disc is in the bud (lentiform)?

Here is an answer to this question. Fact is that at the center of any galaxy there is a celestial body – a Nucleus of Galaxy. All Nuclei of Galaxies are generated by one or another Nucleus of Supergalaxy. And a Nucleus of Supergalaxy as any celestial body larger than the planet emits elementary particles. These elementary particles, reaching Nuclei of Galaxies, are accumulated in the substance of Nuclei (on the surface of chemical elements and in empty space between them). Between elementary particles emitted by Nuclei of Super galaxies (and by any other celestial bodies), the particles with Fields of Repulsion (red) predominate. Thus, there is an increase of the total Field of Repulsion of Nuclei of Galaxies.

Nuclei of Galaxies rotate around their axes as well as planets and stars. And the reason for this rotation is the heating from the side of the generated them celestial body. In this case, the Nuclei of Galaxies are heated by radiation of the Nuclei of Supergalaxies generated them. At any Nucleus of Galaxy (as well as at stars and planets) their rotation axis is perpendicular to the straight passing through the center of the Galaxy Nucleus and the center of the Supergalaxy Nucleus generated it. It is for this reason the area of equator (of a Nucleus of Galaxy or of a star or of a planet) is heated by radiation in the greatest extent – i.e. accumulates the most amount of free particles with Repulsion Fields. In this case, the poles of Nuclei of Galaxies (or stars, or planets) are the least heated areas. As a result, the total gravity field of equator is the smallest, and of the poles is the largest. With the passage of time until the Nucleus of Galaxy is moving around the Nucleus of Supergalaxy and continues to accumulate free particles, this imbalance “equator/pole” has been increasing. The Field of Attraction at the equator more decreases and temperature of the substance, on the contrary, increases. An increase in temperature of the substance at the equator leads to the fact that it is this region of the Galaxy Nucleus throws out of itself most of all substance. And of this substance in the future the stars will arise that form the silhouette of the Galaxy.

Why do the stars formed from ejected material, tend to align along the same plane (form a flat disc) corresponding to the equatorial plane of the Galaxy Nucleus? Yes, because at the same time the total Field of Attraction of both poles effect on these stars. More specifically, not only of poles but also of entire substance of each of two hemispheres on each side of the equatorial plane. The Nucleus of Galaxy, as any celestial body formed from the incandescent material has a very symmetrical shape. One hemisphere is almost 100 % identical to another. As a result, the values of total Attraction Fields of both hemispheres are equal. And the stars, ejected from the Galactic Nucleus, “feel” this. I.e. they are equally controlled by the attraction of each of two hemispheres. That's why the stars tend to align in the form of a thin disk along the equatorial plane of a Galaxy Nucleus. If it was not – i.e. there would be no "control" as an action of Attraction Fields of both hemispheres - all Galaxies would have only a circular shape, there would be nor lentiform, nor spiral.