16. THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
LENSES. THE CAUSE OF ACCOMMODATION. MYOPIA
AND HYPEROPIA
1)
The mechanism of action of lenses.
Let's get down to explaining the functioning of the device, which
occupies an important place in the life of many people. As you know, glasses correct the
process of visual perception in people with impaired vision. The glasses use
different types of lenses. They - the lenses - are devices that change the
trajectory of the movement of light rays - that is, refracting them.
We do not want to get ahead of ourselves greatly, however, it should be
recalled that in the book devoted to the mechanics of elementary particles ("Ethereal
mechanics") we paid much attention to the causes and mechanism of changing
the trajectory of moving particles. And the main reasons for the change in the
trajectory, if you remember, were called the Fields of Attraction and
Repulsion. So, in this article we will
only try to apply in concrete ways the processes that we have already
discovered.
In addition to glasses there are many other types of optical instruments,
where a person uses lenses - magnifier, binoculars, telescope, microscope… These are the most basic.
Our eyes - is also a kind of optical devices. And, as befits such
devices, they have in their composition lenses - crystalline lens. Inside the eye,
or rather, inside the ciliary body there are muscles that control the shape of
the crystalline lens - increase or decrease its curvature. These muscles are
called – accommodative, since the change in the shape of the crystalline lens is
an act of accommodation (adaptation). These muscles are connected with the crystalline
lens with the help of the zinn ligaments. When the muscle is relaxed, the
distance between it and the crystalline lens increases and the ligaments are
stretched - the curvature of the lens decreases. I.e. the crystalline lens (lens)
becomes more elongated, more flat. Muscles relax - it decreases its distance to the crystalline lens, and
as a result - the tension of the zinn ligaments is weakened. As a result, the
curvature of the crystalline lens increases, since the relaxed ligaments do not
stretch it.
Conventional lenses, made of glass, it can be any shape - and convex (light
collecting), and concave (dissipating). Light collecting lenses convert a
parallel beam of light rays into a converging beam. Dissipating lenses, on the
contrary, transform a parallel beam into a divergent one. The crystalline lens is
an example of a light collecting lens. The degree of convexity or concavity can
be any, including a very small, tending to zero. But it will still exist.
Optical devices use lenses of all kinds - convex, concave,
convex-concave, biconvex and biconcave. Herewith the curvature of both surfaces
of the lens can be any – it all depends on the specific tasks, which are sought
to achieve with this device.
Why do we need different curvature - and the crystalline lens, and glass
lenses? And how does this affect the features of the resulting image (ie,
passed through it)?
To answer these and other questions, we need to recall the experiments
of I. Newton with glass prisms, with which he decomposed white light into the
spectrum. Why do we need this?
The thing is that when light passes (photons of the visible range)
through the lens, happens to them is the same as when they pass through the
prism. Photons (like any other energy units of the universe) are deflected
under the action of the total Attraction Field of the lens material. Just as
they were rejected in the experiments of I. Newton under the action of the
total Field of Attraction of the substance of the prism.
Accordingly, it is not difficult to conclude that the total Field of Attraction
from those parts of the lens (or prism), where the thickness of the substance
is greater, will also be larger. Therefore, in the experiment of I. Newton photons
are displaced (refracted) namely in the direction of the base of the prism not
to the top. The same process we can observe in the lens - where the substances
are larger - light rays are deflected (refracted) there.
If the lens is convex, then there will be more substance along its axis
(toward the center) than along the edges.
The thickening along the axis of the lens can be negligible. However,
even if it is so, it still exists. And the attraction from the central part of
the lens will be at least not much, but more than from the edges.
If the lens is concave, then at the edges the thickness of the substance
will be greater than in the region of the lens axis.
And in this case, the attraction from the substance of the edges is
greater than the attraction of the central area of the lens.
That is why a convex (collecting) lens deflects photons (and any other
particles) closer to the center of its axis, and a concave (dissipative) -
closer to the edges. And because the image "passed" through a convex
lens, is reduced in size. And the rays after such a lens converge at one point
earlier than if they had not passed through it.
The image "passed" through a concave lens, on the other hand,
expands, increases, since photons of light rays are attracted by the edges and
deviate in their direction.
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2) Reason for accommodation. Myopia and hyperopia.
And now let us turn to the reasons of accommodation and the issue of
correcting myopia and hyperopia. Let's start with the second point.
Please note, in this part of the article we will first give the known
facts concerning the explanation of the causes of these visual impairments. Therefore, those who know these facts can become bored. Take your time. After
that, we promise you interesting conclusions on this issue.
Both nearsightedness and farsightedness are eye diseases caused by
changes in the accommodative muscle that controls the magnitude of curvature of
the lens. As already mentioned, this muscle is located in the thickness of the
ciliary body. The ligaments lead from the muscle to the crystalline lens. When
the muscle is relaxed, it is farther from the crystalline lens and ligaments
are stretched. So, the crystalline lens is flattened (its curvature is less). In
contrast, when the muscle contracts, it is compressed and close to the crystalline
lens. Accordingly, the tension of the ligaments decreases, and the crystalline lens
becomes more round (ie its curvature increases).
So, the short-sightedness is a strengthening of the functional activity
of the accommodative muscles due to the peculiarities of the (life) and
heredity. The strain of the eye, associated with attempts to see something at
close range, increases myopia. With myopia, the muscle gets used to being in a
tense, shortened state. Working conditions do not stimulate myopic people to turn
their gaze into the distance. They are constantly looking at something near. Such
people either read a lot, or are engaged in "jewelry" work.
When the crystalline lens is not stretched, the thickness of the
substance increases in the central part of this lens. Therefore, the total
Field of Attraction from this region increases. And photons are attracted and
deviate to the central part of the crystalline lens to a greater extent than
with the less its curvature.
A person with hyperopia, on the contrary, sees better in the distance
than near. Hyperopia develops when the functional activity of the accommodative
muscle is weakened. It is poorly contracted, and because of this, the ligaments
stretch the crystalline lens even when they should not do this.
In the central part of the crystalline lens, the thickness of the
substance decreases, when this lens expands. So, the total Field of Attraction
from the side of this area decreases. And photons are attracted and deviate to
the central part of the crystalline lens less than when the curvature of the
crystalline lens was larger.
Hyperopia is common vision pathology in the elderly. And it is due to
the general weakening in the senile organism of the functional activity of all
muscle groups.
And now an
interesting observation promised at the beginning of this part of the article.
Let's think about the next question. Why does the crystalline lens in
general need to distinguish between light rays coming from different distances?
Why does the crystalline lens need to be constantly readjusted depending on
whether the person (or animal) is looking into the distance, or looks at the
bodies near? After all, it would seem that the light rays are everywhere the
same. At least, this is what modern science affirms. The speed of
light is regarded as a constant value. Therefore, the speed of light rays
coming into the eye from afar and from a close distance, in accordance with the
statements of modern scientists, will be the same. And the color composition of
the waves is the same.
Then why do we need accommodation? Why the crystalline lens with the
same form can’t equally well meet and bring to the retina both the far rays,
and the near rays? Why do we need this permanent changeover?
Science neatly ignores this question. Herewith, it is believed that the
phenomenon of accommodation is disclosed in detail. In this case, once again we
can be convinced that science is often limited to ascertaining and describing
the consequences leaving the causes of the phenomena without the necessary
attention.
The human body is a clever mechanism that is constantly busy, adjusting
itself to the surrounding conditions. And the adjustment of the crystalline lens
is one such example.
Let's get down to explaining the reasons of accommodation. And this
reason is quite simple.
Light rays are not at all the same in speed, as is commonly assumed. The speed of light is not constant. Of course,
the difference in the speed of light rays can be so insignificant that it is
neglected in measurements. But the organism does not neglect. It defines
the slightest difference in the speed of light rays and accordingly readjusts
the crystalline lens.
If you remember, when we talked about the inertial motion of elementary
particles, we found out that the Yin particles move with gradual deceleration,
while the particles Yang - with gradual acceleration. However, if there are
particles of both types in the light beam, there will be a redistribution of
energy. As a result, Yin particles are accelerating, and Yang are decelerating.
And all of the particles move in a stream with a certain uniform total rate.
In addition, photons of light, about which we are talking – these are
particles of the upper levels of the Physical Plane. These levels are the
so-called ethereal subplanes of the Physical Plane. The percentage of Yin
particles is larger among the particles of the Physical Plane. Particles Yang best
of all are emitted and reflected by chemical elements. As part of the Physical
Plane, Yang are particles of red color. However, such particles make up only
1/3 of all the particles. Others – Yin. As a result,
in the composition of any light ray, most of the particles are yellow. They possess the Field of Attraction. But still its
magnitude is much smaller than that of blue particles. Therefore, yellow ones
are emitted or reflected (when heated or collided) much better than blue ones. This
was said in order to make it clear that the light rays of the Physical Plane
necessarily slow down over time.
From this we can draw a simple conclusion. The speed of the rays emitted
earlier is less than the speed of the rays emitted later. Of
course, provided that the chemical composition and temperature of the bodies
emitting and reflecting light are everywhere approximately the same. We can
formulate this rule a little differently. The speed of the rays that have traveled a
greater distance is less than the speed of the rays that have traveled a
smaller path.
And from this conclusion it follows that the light rays entering the
eye from a short distance are characterized by a greater speed than the more
distant light rays.
But this is not the end of the explanation. What relation does the speed
of light rays have to the curvature of the crystalline lens?
To begin with, there are two types of photoreceptors in the retina of
the human and animal eyes: rods and cones. The cones, in contrast to the rods,
perform a more detailed analysis of the image. We can say that they are
responsible for the sharpness, clarity of perception of all the details. Rods,
rather, perceive a common image, silhouette, without distinguishing individual
small details.
In most of the daytime animals and in humans, the cones are located in
the central part of the retina. The central fossa of the yellow spot consists
only of cones. At the same time, on the periphery of the retina, the rods
predominate numerically over the cones.
This is the first.
The second. In
the second book, devoted to the Mechanics of Elementary Particles (“Ethereal mechanics”),
we paid much attention to the features of the action on elementary particles of
various Forces, including their simultaneous action.
When a photon of light, moving by inertia, enters the crystalline lens, its
trajectory is refracted towards the central part of this eye lens, since the crystalline
lens is a biconvex lens, and in its central part the amount of substance is
larger (and, hence, the total Field of Attraction is lager). The greater the curvature, the greater the
thickness of the lens (ie the greater the amount of the substance along the
axis), and the greater the angle of deflection of the light rays.
If you remember, the inertial motion of photons occurs for the reason
that in each photon there is the Force of Inertia. This Force of Inertia is the
ether emitted by the posterior hemisphere and forcing the particle to move
forward. The Inertia Force competes in a photon with the Force of Attraction on
the part of the crystalline lens material. In accordance with the Rule of Parallelogram.
As a result, the photon changes the direction of motion. And its new trajectory
will coincide with the direction of the vector of the resulting Force. The
greater the Force of Inertia, the greater the particle velocity. This means
that the Force of Inertia is greater in faster light rays. And, accordingly,
the greater the Force of Inertia, the greater the Force of Attraction in order
to "balance" the Force of Inertia.
And how to do it and what is it for?
To do this simply - increasing the curvature of the crystalline lens. The
greater the curvature, the greater the Force of Attraction. This allows you to
deflect to the desired angle of light rays with greater speed. On the contrary,
the small curvature is suitable for slower rays, in which the magnitude of the
Inertia Force is smaller.
But why is this done? Why should the angle of refraction be constant? The
reason for this was called when we talked about cones and rods. Most of the
cones are in the central part of the eye. But it is the cones that are
responsible for the detailed examination of bodies.
That is why a normal organism always tends to maintain
the same angle of refraction of light rays by changing the shape of the crystalline lens.
This is the reason for the existence of accommodation.
And now we will find out what happens to the light rays in the
near-sighted and far-sighted crystalline lens.
The short-sighted crystalline lens, due to the lack of contractile
activity of the accommodative muscle, weakly reacts to the desire of the
organism to see something in the distance. With myopia, the curvature of the crystalline
lens is too large to "match" photons that have traveled a greater
distance and
whose Force of Inertia is weakened to a greater extent. The large Force of Attraction
of the near-sighted crystalline lens (with greater curvature) is designed for a
large Inertia Force of photons at close range. And photons with a small Force
of Inertia under the influence of such a large Force of Attraction are
refracted to a larger angle than is necessary in order to reach the yellow spot.
As a result, photons passing through the crystalline lens closer to the
periphery, being refracted, fall on the periphery of the retina, where rods
predominate. As a result, more than necessary, photons passing through the crystalline
lens (except for those whose path of motion coincides with the axis of the
lens), refracting, falls on the periphery of the retina, where the rods
predominate, and not in the region closer to the center (where the cones are). It
is because of this that the sharpness of the perceived image decreases. Because
of this short-sighted people see not clearly the bodies in the distance. However,
removing tension from the eyes, resting and looking at the bodies in the
distance, they have the opportunity to improve their vision.
With farsightedness, everything is exactly the opposite.
The weakness of the accommodative muscle leads to excessive flattening
of the crystalline lens. With farsightedness, the crystalline lens does not
respond well enough to the desire of the body to see anything near. The
accommodative muscle must contract to relax the cinnamon ligaments and thereby
increase the curvature of the crystalline lens. This does not happen, and the lens remains flattened. As a result,
photons coming into the eye from a close distance, and therefore possessing a
greater Force of Inertia, are refracted by an angle less than what is needed. And
therefore they too are closer to the periphery of the retina, and not to its
center. The word "too" is used because, with myopia, photons also
find themselves closer to the periphery. The small Attraction Force of the
far-sighted crystalline lens is designed for photons that came from a distance
and therefore possess a smaller Inertia Force.
So, as you can see, even in the case of myopia, the photons are closer
to the periphery of the retina (how much closer it depends on the severity of
myopia), and with farsightedness. With the only difference is that with myopia,
after refraction, they fall on the side of the retina opposite to the side of
the crystalline lens through which they passed. While with farsightedness, the
photons are on the same side of the retina as the side of the crystalline lens
through which they enter the retina. But this applies only to those photons
that do not "match" the curvature of the crystalline lens. Distant
photons will be the "inappropriate" photons with myopia and hyperopia
with - neighbors. "Suitable" photons - nears for nearsightedness and
distant with farsightedness will be refracted to the desired angle, and fall
into the central region of the retina.
